imtoken官网下载|edward snowden
imtoken官网下载|edward snowden
爱德华·斯诺登_百度百科
斯诺登_百度百科 网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心爱德华·斯诺登播报讨论上传视频美国中央情报局(CIA)前雇员收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10爱德华·斯诺登(Edward Snowden),1983年6月21日出生于美国北卡罗来纳州伊丽莎白市,前CIA(美国中央情报局)技术分析员,后供职于国防项目承包商博思艾伦咨询公司。2013年6月,斯诺登将美国国家安全局关于PRISM监听项目的秘密文档披露给了《卫报》和《华盛顿邮报》,随即遭美国政府通缉,事发时人在香港,随后飞往俄罗斯。6月21日,斯诺登通过《卫报》再次曝光英国“颞颥”秘密情报监视项目。8月1日,斯诺登离开俄罗斯谢列梅捷沃机场前往莫斯科境内,并获得俄罗斯为期1年的临时避难申请。2014年8月,俄罗斯律师称,爱德华·斯诺登再次获得俄罗斯的居留许可,期限为3年。2015年9月6日,斯诺登获挪威“比昂松言论自由奖”,空椅子代其领奖。2016年4月,斯诺登在俄出单曲,在推特上同美国少女群聊。2020年10月22日,塔斯社援引斯诺登律师称,俄罗斯已给予斯诺登永久居留权; [1]11月2日,据俄罗斯卫星网报道斯诺登决定提交美俄双重国籍申请。 [2]当地时间2022年9月26日,斯诺登获得俄罗斯国籍。 [23-24]中文名爱德华·约瑟夫·斯诺登外文名Edward Joseph Snowden别 名The True HOOHA(网名)国 籍美国、俄罗斯出生日期1983年06月21日毕业院校安妮阿伦德尔社区学院主要成就揭露美国“棱镜”计划揭露Xkeyscore计划曝光美国“核心机密”曝光监听门出生地美国北卡罗来纳州伊丽莎白市职 务美国中央情报局(CIA)前雇员目录1人物经历2个人生活▪家庭情况▪感情经历▪他乡生活▪父子见面3艺术作品4获奖记录5棱镜事件6人物评价人物经历播报编辑爱德华·斯诺登在2004年加入美国陆军。他想参加伊拉克战争,因为认为自己是有责任解放受压迫的人。不过,斯诺登在一次训练中跌断双腿,被迫退役。之后,他在国家安全局得到首份工作,在马里兰大学一个秘密设施任职保安员,其后转到中情局担任资讯科技保安,凭借卓越的网络知识和电脑技能,迅速获破格晋升。2007年,CIA将其派驻瑞士日内瓦负责维持计算机网络安全,并给予其外交身份掩护。2009年,斯诺登离开中情局,为戴尔计算机公司工作,随后作为博思艾伦公司(Booz Allen Hamilton)雇员在国安局工作4年。他在做好披露机密的准备后,向公司请假,于2013年5月20日离开夏威夷前往香港,藏匿在一家酒店。2013年5月离开美国时,他已在国防承包商Booz Allen Hamilton工作了不到三个月,职务是在夏威夷的一处国家安全局设施内担任系统管理员。他约有$200,000美元的年薪,与女友一起过着舒适的生活。但他愿意牺牲这一切,因为对美国政府的秘密监控工程感到良心不安。《卫报》形容斯诺登对隐私的价值怀有强烈的热情,他的笔记本电脑上附有支持互联网自由组织的标签,包括电子前哨基金会(EFF)和Tor。尽管他说自己曾“相信奥巴马的保证”,但还是在2008年大选中将选票投给了“第三党”。政治献金记录显示他为荣·保罗的初选进行过捐赠。2013年6月23日,香港特区政府就斯诺登事件发表声明,证实斯诺登已离开香港。斯诺登在《卫报》采访的视频中指出,藏身香港,是因为香港承诺保障言论自由及政治异见人士。2013年7月2日,据俄罗斯“Vesti”电视台报道,俄罗斯外交部驻莫斯科谢列梅杰沃机场领事代表金·舍甫琴科透露,斯诺登已向俄罗斯递交政治避难申请。2013年8月1日,据法新社报道,美国“棱镜门”项目泄密者爱德华·斯诺登的律师周四(1日)表示,斯诺登已经离开了莫斯科机场,此前他刚刚获得了有限期为一年的俄罗斯临时难民身份。2013年12月11日,美国《外交政策》杂志评选美国国安局承包商前雇员爱德华·斯诺登为2013年全球百名思想家榜首。逃亡路线图2014年1月2日,《纽约时报》发表社论,认为爱德华·斯诺登扮演的是检举人角色,其揭发的信息具有重要价值,呼吁对他予以赦免或从宽处理。2014年1月22日,爱德华·斯诺登在莫斯科接受了美国杂志《纽约客》的采访,坚决否认自己是俄罗斯间谍,并称这种猜测是荒唐而可笑的。2014年1月24日,爱德华·斯诺登举行网上直播答问会,就网友关心的监控相关问题回答了提问。他在答问中强调,自己“没有盗取过任何密码”。2014年1月29日,挪威前部长索赫捷尔推荐斯诺登为诺贝尔和平奖提名人。2014年2月18日,斯诺登高票当选为英国格拉斯哥大学学生校长,任期3年。学生校长是格拉斯哥大学独特的职位,由学生投票选举产生,斯诺登的前任是英国前自由民主党领袖查尔斯·肯尼迪。 [3]2014年7月31日开始在俄罗斯的避难生活后,斯诺登便很少公开露面。从2013到2014年,他不时接受媒体访问,还以视频连线方式出现在世界各大活动中。2014年7月底,斯诺登2013年获得的在俄避难许可已正式到期,俄罗斯当局和斯诺登方面此前均表示,斯诺登已经递交了延长庇护的申请,2014年8月,俄罗斯移民部门的消息称,斯诺登的这一延长申请被接受,再次获得俄罗斯的居留许可,期限为3年。2015年10月初流亡俄罗斯的斯诺登(Edward Snowden)接受英国广播公司(BBC)访问时指出,英国政府通信总部(GCHQ)可以通过传送一个加了密码的简讯到要跟监者的手机里,再借此拍摄照片和窃听。2020年4月16日,斯诺登递交文件申请延长在俄罗斯居留3年,斯诺登的在俄居住证于2020年4月到期。 [4]2020年10月22日,塔斯社援引斯诺登律师称,俄罗斯已给予斯诺登永久居留权。 [1] [5-6]2020年11月2日,据俄罗斯卫星网报道斯诺登决定提交美俄双重国籍申请。斯诺登在社交媒体“推特”上写道:“在经历了多年与父母的离别之后,我与妻子不想再与儿子分开。因此在疫情和边境遭封锁期间,我们正提交美俄双重国籍的申请。” [2] [7]当地时间2022年9月26日,俄罗斯总统普京签署命令,决定给予包括美国前防务承包商雇员爱德华·斯诺登在内的多名人士俄罗斯公民身份。 [22]该总统令已被公布在俄罗斯国家法律门户网站上。 [24]据俄罗斯卫星通讯社12月2日报道,美国情报部门前雇员爱德华·斯诺登已宣誓成为俄罗斯公民。 [25]个人生活播报编辑家庭情况爱德华·斯诺登爱德华·斯诺登的父亲,宾夕法尼亚州的居民,是一名美国海岸警备队的官员。他的母亲,马里兰州巴尔的摩居民,是一个马里兰区美国地方法院的办事员。他有一个做律师的姐姐,居住在印第安纳州的瓦尔帕莱索。1999年,斯诺登举家搬迁到马里兰州埃利科特市,在那里他在安妮·阿伦德尔社区学院学习计算机专业(computing),以获得必要的学分用以获得高中文凭,但他没有完成课程,其后他获得普通教育发展证书。在动身前往香港之前,斯诺登与他的女朋友住在夏威夷、西欧胡岛、维帕。感情经历2013年6月10日,据英国媒体报道,爱德华·斯诺登在泄密前有个稳定的女友,两人原本打算结婚,不过突然的泄密事件导致他们的婚事几乎无望。面对变故,他的女友林赛·米尔斯非常痛苦,10日借助博客公开了自己当前伤心欲绝的心境,“我的世界突然敞开,又突然关闭。我像是迷失在海上,身边没有指南针。我流着泪水,一边打着字,一边回想一路陪我走过的人,那些和我一起欢笑、一起牵手的人,那个我最深爱的人,以及那些我来不及说再见的人。”通过米尔斯的博客来看,这两人彼此深爱对方,米尔斯在博客中用“谜一样的男人”来形容斯诺登。 [8]2013年10月10日,美国媒体援引斯诺登的律师库切列纳的话报道称。这名律师没有透露斯诺登女友的身份,此前,俄的美女间谍曾主动向斯诺登示爱。婚姻2020年11月2日报道,斯诺登将成为一名父亲。斯诺登妻子的预产期在12月末。 [2]他乡生活2013年10月7日,俄罗斯一家新闻网站公布一张疑似斯诺登上街购物的照片。2016年4月斯诺登在俄近况照片显示,一名留着山羊须、貌似斯诺登的男子架着太阳眼镜,身穿长袖休闲衬衣和牛仔裤,推着一辆装着大包小包的超市手推车横穿马路。附近停泊的汽车上的车牌以及不远处的交通标志,均表明这张照片是在俄罗斯拍摄的。另据俄罗斯媒体报道,斯诺登的父亲朗尼斯诺登近日内将抵达俄罗斯看望儿子。库切列纳透露:“签证问题已经解决,我们预计斯诺登的父亲将很快来到莫斯科,其他亲属也将来俄。”斯诺登告诫少女与自己网聊会被监控2013年10月,斯诺登律师库齐利纳指出,斯诺登已在俄罗斯找到工作,“11月起斯诺登将开始工作,他将在俄罗斯某大型网站从事网站维护工作”。考虑到安全因素,库齐利纳并未透露斯诺登的具体工作网站。不过此前俄罗斯最大社交网络VK网曾力邀斯诺登前往工作。2016年4月,斯诺登在俄出单曲,推特上同美国少女群聊。他不仅与著名法国电子音乐制作人让-米歇尔·雅尔联手打造一首名叫《出口》(Exit)的歌曲,而且还在“推特”上加入了美国青春期少女的群聊。关于单曲,斯诺登在《卫报》发布的视频中表示,一直很欣赏电子乐,印象中最有趣的旋律来自视频游戏。音乐具有连接人生不同时刻功能。当自谦道,“作为不是很酷的工程师,自己可以参与文化项目很让自己吃惊”时,他开心地大笑。群聊中的少女并不知道斯诺登是谁在群聊中,美国的青春期少女们一开始并不知道加入群聊的斯诺登是谁。而斯诺登却让大家叫他Ed(其名字中爱德华的缩写),他表示自己不喜欢太正式的称呼,不喜欢被称为“斯诺登先生”。斯诺登先是问大家都在哪里看新闻,然后又警告女孩子们,同他网聊风险可不小,因为一定会受到监控,如果想保持自由自在,最好还是不要和自己聊天。父子见面2013年6月28日,“棱镜门”事件主角爱德华·斯诺登的父亲朗尼·斯诺登已致信美国司法部长霍尔德,提出在审判前不予拘捕等三项条件,愿在此基础上劝子回国自首。他强调斯诺登没有犯叛国罪,即便他披露联邦政府监视项目的信息,也只是“背叛受雇的政府,但我不认为他背叛美国人民”。斯诺登父亲有信心说服儿子回国自首,但前提是保证审判前不得拘捕或囚禁斯诺登、不得发布禁言令,以及斯诺登有权选择审判地点。 [9]2013年7月2日,“棱镜”项目泄密者斯诺登的父亲写了一封公开信,赞扬斯诺登“将美国民众召集在一起对抗不断增长的暴政独裁危机”。据称,此举是为了让公众继续关注斯诺登泄密行为的意义,而非他的去向问题。2013年10月10日斯诺登的父亲朗·斯诺登已于当日抵达莫斯科,并将与斯诺登见面。斯诺登的俄籍律师库切连纳表示,考虑到安全因素,斯诺登父子见面的时间与地点都将保密。艺术作品播报编辑纪录片以爱德华·斯诺登本人曝光的棱镜门事件拍成了纪录片《第四公民》,本片获得了第八十七届奥斯卡最佳纪录片奖。雕塑爱德华·斯诺登2015年4月6日凌晨,一座爱德华·斯诺登的雕像惊现于纽约布鲁克林一座公园内,在格林堡公园的监狱船烈士纪念碑旁,一座斯诺登的半身像被放置在大理石柱上,前面的巨鹰雕塑底部还写上了斯诺登的名字,官方于当天下午将之拆除。 [10]2016年,斯诺登与电子音乐家合作歌曲,该首歌曲为电音歌曲。 [10]获奖记录播报编辑个人荣誉获奖时间奖项名称获奖结果2015-09-062015年比昂松言论自由奖 [11]获奖2015-02-032015年诺贝尔和平奖提名2013-10-102013年山姆亚当斯道德奖获奖2013-09-142013年萨哈罗夫奖提名2013-08-232013年诺贝尔和平奖提名媒体获奖获奖时间奖项名称获奖作品获奖结果2014-04-072014年普利策新闻奖“棱镜门”报道获奖棱镜事件播报编辑2013年,斯诺登向媒体提供机密文件致使包括“棱镜”项目在内美国政府多个秘密情报监视项目“曝光”。斯诺登曝光的文档显示,这一监控项目代号为PRISM,目前为止尚未对公众披露。通过该项目,美政府直接从包括微软、苹果、谷歌、雅虎、Facebook、PalTalk、AOL、Skype、YouTube以及在内的这9个公司服务器收集信息。棱镜监控项目相关图解(1张)爱德华·斯诺登公开材料后藏身在香港一家酒店内。由于担心被窥探,他用枕 [11]头堵着酒店房间的门缝以防止被窃听。他还把一个大红色的罩子罩在他的头和笔记本电脑上,然后再输入自己的密码,以防止任何隐藏的摄像头检测到它们。他表示有些焦虑不安。2013年6月10日,来自酒店方面的消息说,斯诺登十号中午已退房离开,下落不明。2013年6月10日,英国《卫报》报道称,在经过数天采访之后,该报应斯诺登的要求公开了他的身份。之后,斯诺登曝光美国国家安全局侵入中国通信行业。爱德华·斯诺登针对公开这些机密文件举动,斯诺登表示:“我知道我的举动会让我经受灾难,但如果联邦政府的秘密法令、不平等赦免以及不可抗拒执行力量等这些支配着我所深爱的世界时,这些被立即曝光出来,我会非常满足。”维基解密网站披露,美国“棱镜门”事件泄密者爱德华·斯诺登(Edward Snowden)在向厄瓜多尔和冰岛申请庇护后,又向19个国家寻求庇护。根据维基解密网站2013年7月1日晚曝光的名单,这19个国家包括奥地利、玻利维亚、巴西、中国、古巴、芬兰、法国、德国、印度、意大利、爱尔兰、荷兰、尼加拉瓜、挪威、波兰、俄罗斯、西班牙、瑞士、委内瑞拉。据悉,此前斯诺登曾在维基解密网站创始人朱利安·阿桑奇(Julian Assange)的帮助下获得厄瓜多尔安全通行证,但随后被厄瓜多尔总统拉斐尔·科雷亚(Rafael Correa)撤销。2013年7月1日美国“监控门”事件揭秘者斯诺登1日发表新声明,抨击美国总统奥巴马和美国政府,并威胁将向外界披露更多机密。2013年7月16日,俄罗斯克里姆林宫一名前律师阿纳托利·库齐利纳称,对美国情报机构泄密者斯诺登提出临时避难申请。美侵入中国网络美国前中央情报局雇员斯诺登跟香港英文报章披露,美国国家安全局(NSA)自2009年起即入侵香港及中国内地的计算机,目标包括香港中文大学、公职官员、企业及学生电脑。 [12]斯诺登称,自2009年以来,美国在全球进行了6.1万次的渗透行动,目标包括数百个内地及香港的个人以及机构。随后有分析,斯诺登所指的,应是设在港中大内、服务香港本地的网络数据交换的香港互联网交换中心(HKIX),以及华南重点卫星遥感研究设施──卫星遥感地面接收站。 [12]Xkeyscore计划爱德华·斯诺登(3张)斯诺登于2013年7月31日再度将美国更大规模监控计划“Xkeyscore”的细节曝光。这项名为“Xkeyscore”的监控计划“几乎可以涵盖所有网上信息”,可以“最大范围收集互联网数据”,内容包括电子邮件、网站信息、搜索和聊天记录等等。“Xkeyscore”计划已经协助美国情报机构抓捕了数百名恐怖嫌犯,但外界对如此大规模的监控计划仍感到非常担忧。斯诺登称,他受雇于美国国家安全局(NSA)时,曾有机会使用“Xkeyscore”计划。他曾形容,只要有相应的电子邮件地址,他可以对任何人进行监控,下至平民百姓,上至法官总统。各国反应美国国家安全局已向美国司法部申请对斯诺登的行为进行犯罪调查。国家情报总监James Clapper说,斯诺登的“鲁莽的披露”已经在媒体中造成“显著的错误印象”。在斯诺登的身份公开前,美国众议院情报特别委员会主席Mike Rogers对告密人的评价是“我绝对认为他们应受到检控”。美国、香港民众声援 斯诺登 活动(15张)斯诺登的雇主Booz Allen Hamilton发表了一份声明,谴责他的行为是“令人吃惊的”、“对我们公司的行为准则与核心价值和严重违反”。曾在1971年向《纽约时报》透露五角大楼秘密文件的丹尼尔·艾尔斯伯格(Daniel Ellsberg)说斯诺登“为这个民主体制做出了巨大的,无法估量的服务”,并说自己等了数十年才看到“这样一位真正准备好以公民身份为他的国家冒生命危险的人,显示出战场上的人们应有的勇气”。白宫网站上出现了一则请愿,要求“对斯诺登的任何与披露国家安全局秘密监听项目的犯罪行为或可能的犯罪行为给予完全的,自由的,以及绝对的宽恕”。报道说,潘斯科夫未明说莫斯科当局是否会接纳斯诺登,但亲政府议员对此构想表示欢迎。俄罗斯国家杜马外事委员会主席普什科夫在Twitter上称,“美国方面一定会很抓狂,他们认为这是自己才有的权利。”他说道。中国杨洁篪强调,中国中央政府一向尊重香港特区政府依法办事。特区政府依法处理斯诺登案,无可非议,各方都应予以尊重。针对媒体报道美国对中国实施网络监控一事,中国外交部发言人华春莹2013年6月13日在北京表示,希望中美双方冷静、客观看待有关问题。她同时强调,双重标准无益于解决网络安全问题。获俄避难一年(6张)华春莹说:“中美双方已同意在战略安全对话框架下建立网络工作组。我们希望双方能本着心平气和的态度,冷静、客观地看待有关问题,通过对话沟通,增进了解信任,加强合作,共同构建和平、安全、开放、合作的网络空间。我们认为在网络安全问题上采取双重标准无益于问题的解决。”华春莹指出,中国是世界上最主要的黑客攻击受害国之一,网络安全需要国际社会的对话和合作。“中方是网络安全的坚定维护者。中国政府一贯高度重视网络安全问题,反对任何形式的黑客和网络攻击行为。我们认为,网络安全是个全球性问题,国际社会应本着相互尊重、相互信任的原则,进行建设性的对话和合作。”梁振英:将按香港法律和既定程序处理斯诺登事件。 [13]英国英国政府2013年6月10日发出警示,警告航空业者不要允许斯诺登搭乘前往英国的飞机,因为他“极有可能不被允许进入”该国。一名外交官还说,任何允许斯诺登进入英国的航空业者将可能受到2000英镑的罚金。委内瑞拉委内瑞拉总统尼古拉斯·马杜罗2013年6月27日晚些时候重申,委内瑞拉愿予以斯诺登政治避难。马杜罗称斯诺登为“勇士”,说:“如果这名年轻人需要得到人道主义保护并认为自己能来委内瑞拉,委内瑞拉准备好以人道主义方式保护这名年轻勇士。”据悉,马杜罗访问俄罗斯期间将与普京总统举行会谈。马杜罗此前曾表示,如果收到斯诺登的正式请求,委内瑞拉考虑为他提供庇护。而对于没有有效旅行证件的斯诺登来说,马杜罗是可以带他离开俄罗斯的一个可能人选。 [14]2013年7月5日,委内瑞拉总统马杜罗宣布,该国同意为美国“监控门”事件揭秘者斯诺登提供庇护。委内瑞拉的这一表态,立即轰动世界。巴西美国“棱镜门”曝光者斯诺登17日在巴西报纸公开表示,希望以协助调查美国情报监控活动来换取巴西政治避难。对此,巴西外交部当天发表声明认为,斯诺登的避难请求“不正式”且“不严肃”。声明指出,政治避难申请需要通过特定程序提出,并应向巴西政府正式递交,公开信并不是正式申请。此外,政治避难是用来保护受政治迫害者的一种极其严肃的制度,并非用来交换情报的手段。声明表示,即便提出了正式避难申请,也必须接受巴西当局评估。根据宪法,给予政治避难是政府的一种特权,需经总统府、司法部和外交部三方的协商同意。 [15]人权组织斯诺登(22张)“人权观察”组织驻莫斯科的代表娜塔莉亚·洛克申娜在Facebook上公布一封斯诺登向联合国在莫斯科的人权组织发出的邀请函,称将就其去向问题举行会谈。虽然这一会谈不会向媒体开放,但是已经有大批的记者聚集在机场大厅。2013年6月23日~2013年7月15日,斯诺登已半个多月未公开露面。当地时间下午4点40分左右,会谈正式展开。根据会场流出的照片,斯诺登比此前接受《卫报》采访时略显消瘦,但没有大的变化,除了头发略微长长。他表示,在机场的生活状况“挺好”、“因为这里很安全。”根据与会人员在社交网站上实时更新的信息,斯诺登表示,已经收到来自委内瑞拉、俄罗斯、玻利维亚、尼加拉瓜以及厄瓜多尔等国的邀请,他本人对此表示感谢。斯诺登表示,他将接受这些邀请,但希望这些国家能够提供安全到达拉丁美洲的方式。同时,他已向俄罗斯正式申请政治避难,但最终会选择去拉丁美洲。俄罗斯总统普京曾表示,俄罗斯接受斯诺登避难申请的前提是他停止对美国的“伤害”。据参与会议的俄罗斯国家杜马议员尼科诺夫转述,斯诺登知道俄方的条件并愿意接受。斯诺登表示,“我并没有打算也没有做过伤害美国的事,我希望美国能够胜利。”斯诺登称,他无法向国际组织求助,因为它们都要求斯诺登本人去找。联合国难民署高官已承认斯诺登是难民,但美国政府并不承认这一点。“我的处境是,”斯诺登说,“我只能接受俄罗斯的邀请,因为我不能够去其他地方。”根据洛克申娜的转述,斯诺登称他希望能够呆在俄罗斯,筹备下一阶段出行。他同时希望国际组织能够请求美国与欧盟不要再介入他的避难申请。俄罗斯国家杜马议员尼科诺夫、俄罗斯人权全权代表卢金及国际人权组织代表和一些律师参加了这场会议。这一会议持续45分钟。随后,斯诺登通过维基揭秘发表一份声明。“大家好,我叫斯诺登”,斯诺登在声明中称,“一个多月前,我有家庭,我活得很舒服。我还曾拥有不经授权就寻找、获取、阅读你们通讯的能力,任何时间任何人的通讯内容。那是改变人们命运的权利。”斯诺登表示,“那是对法律的违反……非道德无法通过秘密法律的使用被转化为道德。”斯诺登会见人权组织(4张)斯诺登在声明中称,“我并不是寻求自己富裕,我也不寻求贩卖美国的秘密。我没有为了我的安全而与任何外国政府为伍。恰恰相反,我把我知道的东西交给了公众,我们全体能够在开放的氛围中讨论影响我们全体的东西,我向世界索要正义……我所做的事情是正确的,我对此绝不后悔。”他在声明中请求外界援助,从“相关国家”获得让他前往拉丁美洲的保证。再次爆料曝光“核心机密”2014年10月10日,爱德华·斯诺登再度爆料,披露美国国家安全局(NSA)最高级别的“核心机密”行动,称NSA在中国、德国、韩国等多个国家派驻间谍,并通过“物理破坏”手段损毁、入侵网络设备。NSA对中国的监控项目还获取了中央情报局(CIA)、联邦调查局(FBI)和国防情报局(DIA)的支持,这主要得益于“鱼鹰哨”项目带来的的跨情报系统合作。要问“鱼鹰哨”是什么,还得提起“老鹰哨兵”。从斯诺登曝光的机密文件可看出,美国国家安全局不仅通过网络远程监控,还通过“人力情报”项目以“定点袭击”的方式挖取他国机密。斯诺登的最新爆料再次证实,美国是世界上头号网络窃密者和攻击者。多年来,美方倚仗自己所掌握的核心技术和全球互联网基础设施,持续不断地对外国政府、企业、个人进行大规模、有组织、有预谋的网络窃密和监听活动。2015年2月19日,英国《卫报》报道,美国中央情报局前员工爱德华·斯诺登披露的资料显示,美英两国的情报机构入侵了世界最大的手机sim卡制造商金雅拓公司,从而可以不受限制地访问全球数十亿部手机。 [16]2015年5月24日,斯诺登爆料网站“截击”以及加拿大广播电视新闻共同披露称,美国“棱镜”计划披露者斯诺登提供的文件显示,美国及其盟国的情报部门计划拦截智能手机与谷歌应用商店之间的数据连接,以达到用恶意软件感染手机、获取手机用户信息的目的。曝光监听门2015年3月5日,新西兰主流媒体《新西兰先驱报》5日公布据信由美国“棱镜门”爆料人爱德华·斯诺登提供的文件,显示新西兰情报机构政府通信安全局在“五只眼”情报监听联盟中负责搜集南太平洋地区国家包括所罗门群岛、斐济、基里巴斯、汤加、瓦努阿图、瑙鲁和萨摩亚的情报,并把相关信息分享给美国、加拿大、英国和澳大利亚。 [17]曝光英美情报单位美国国家安全局承包商前雇员斯诺登日前在接受媒体采访时指出,英国情报单位政府通信总部大量投资的新科技可以侵入民众的手机窃取个人资料信息,而当事人完全浑然不知。目前流亡俄罗斯的斯诺登(Edward Snowden)接受英国广播公司(BBC)访问时指出,政府通信总部(GCHQ)可以通过传送一个加了密码的简讯到要跟监者的手机里,再借此拍摄照片和窃听。斯诺登说,英国政府通信总部与美国国家安全局都大量投资可以“骇入”智能型手机的科技,“他们要掌控你的手机”。他说,英美情报单位通过这些新科技可以开启或关闭手机,同时拦截信息,而手机的主人浑然不知,如果手机放在当事人的衣服口袋,情报单位可以打开麦克风,窃听附近所有的对话,即使手机是关机状态,也可以远距离将它打开。不仅如此,情报单位还能通过智能手机找到持有人所在的位置,而且相当精准。在访谈中,斯诺登并未指控英国政府通信总部或美国国家安全局利用这项新科技大量收集民众的私人通信数据,但提醒民众注意。政府通讯总部不愿对斯诺登的爆料内容发表评论。相关信息维基条目:维基百科修正小组发现,斯诺登的词条描述从“持不同政见者”突然变为“卖国贼”,词条修改者的IP地址很快被锁定为美国参议院。但维基百科无法确认修改者是参议员、普通工作人员还是实习生。卫报事件:英国《卫报》记者格林瓦尔德透露,他手上掌握着美国中情局前雇员爱德华·斯诺登向他转交的近2万份美国政府的秘密文件。格林瓦尔德因公布爱德华·斯诺登关于美国国家安全局的大量秘密文件而出名。有关斯诺登泄密的美国“棱镜”计划,正是英国《卫报》首次根据斯诺登提供的文件撰写了相关文章 [18]。英国首相卡梅伦下令其资深政策顾问、内阁秘书长杰里米接触《卫报》总编辑拉斯布里杰,要求对方上交或销毁美国国家安全局承包商前雇员斯诺登泄露的机密文件。随着政府施加的压力越来越大,2013年7月20日,储存文件的硬盘、内存芯片在来自政府通信总部的技术人员的监视下,被角磨机和其他工具所弄碎。 [19]担心报复未敢投诉:美国中情局前雇员爱德华·斯诺登在接受美国《纽约时报》采访时表示,当时他因担心遭到报复,未敢投诉在中情局发现的滥用权力的现象,否则他早已被怀疑甚至遭到灭口。斯诺登指出,如果他对美中情局的管理制度有所抱怨,他的这些努力(指举报美国网络监控系统)早已被扼杀,而他自己也会被怀疑甚至可能被灭口。斯诺登爆料,2008年,当他作为中情局的技术员工在日内瓦工作时,负责电脑安全以及空调和供暖设备的维修等,就曾因被怀疑泄露机密而遭到上司的批评。 [20]斯诺登称未向俄政府透露机密 资料均已销毁2014年5月29日,“棱镜门”曝光者爱德华·斯诺登日前接受了美国全国广播公司(NBC)的独家采访。斯诺登就在俄罗斯申请政治避难给出回应,称自己并未受俄罗斯政府指使,并且在1年的避难期间没有向俄当局提供过任何情报信息。斯诺登在采访中表示,自己与俄罗斯政府毫无关系,俄罗斯没有在背后支持他,他没有受资助,也不是间谍。2014年4月,美国国安局前主管基斯·亚历山大曾表示,他认为斯诺登已经受俄罗斯情报部门的操纵。此外,数位美方情报官员均认为俄罗斯安全部门不太可能不向斯诺登打听秘密情报。斯诺登连线纽约黑客大会 呼吁开发反监控技术2014年7月20日,前美国情报机构雇员爱德华·斯诺登(Edward Snowden)通过视频连线黑客大会,呼吁与会黑客开发简单易用的反监控技术,在世界范围内消除监控行为。斯诺登周六从莫斯科视频连线到纽约举办的“地球黑客”(HOPE)大会,并表示他将把自己的多数时间用于推广此类技术,包括允许人们匿名通信和邮件加密的技术。曝光美国曾批准对国外政党实施网络攻击文件2016年7月26日,美国中情局前雇员爱德华·斯诺登在自己的推特上表示,美国政府曾批准对国外政党实施网络攻击。为证实自己的话,斯诺登附上了一份日期为2010年7月16日的文件。文件标注了“绝密”字样,并具体列出了涉及的国家、国际组织、国外政治机构。其中,国外政党包括巴基斯坦人民党、黎巴嫩阿迈勒运动、印度人民党和罗马尼亚救国阵线。斯诺登再发惊人言论:世上没人比特朗普更爱普京!美国中情局和国家安全局前雇员爱德华·斯诺登2018年5月25日在接受采访时,就特朗普“通俄门”事件发表惊人言论,称“世界上没有人比美国总统特朗普更爱普京”。斯诺登说:“说实话,只要听过特朗普说话的人,哪怕只听过三分钟,你都会立刻明白,像他这样连一句完整话都说不清楚的人,似乎不太可能扮演‘秘密间谍’这样的复杂角色,这家伙(特朗普)甚至记不起他下一句话要说什么。”“但这并不意味着他不想参与同俄方合作,并以此来获取利益。”人物评价播报编辑“斯诺登在曝光美国国家安全局‘棱镜计划’时,不惜牺牲个人、做出了英雄般的壮举,他的个人行为让这个世界变得更美好,更安全”(瑞典优密欧大学社会学系教授推荐斯诺登为诺贝尔和平奖的候选人)“他不是英雄”,“他实际上就是一个应被囚禁的浮夸的自恋者。就威瑞森公司对通讯的监听记录(被披露的监听项目)而言,这些都是合法而权威的政府项目,斯诺登本人也应该知道其合法性;因为在他泄漏的文件中就有表明其合法性的法令。他所揭露的并不是什么违法的事情,而只是有违他个人道义标准的东西。问题就是,如果政府雇员(和承包商)仅凭个人喜恶就来肆意破坏政府项目的话,这个国家是否还能正常运转呢?”(纽约客杂志) [21]自称愿回国坐牢。斯诺登接受BBC一节目访问时,坦言自己愿意与华盛顿达成协议,让他能返回美国,条件包括入狱,但对方一直未有响应。新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号 京公网安备110000020000Edward Snowden | Education, Biography, Russia, & Facts | Britannica
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Also known as: Edward Joseph Snowden
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Michael Ray oversees coverage of European history and military affairs for Britannica. He earned a B.A. in history from Michigan State University in 1995. He was a teacher in the Chicago suburbs and Seoul,...
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Edward Snowden
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Edward Joseph Snowden
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Born:
June 21, 1983, Elizabeth City, North Carolina, U.S. (age 40)
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Notable Works:
“Permanent Record”
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Subjects Of Study:
PRISM
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Edward Snowden (born June 21, 1983, Elizabeth City, North Carolina, U.S.) American intelligence contractor and whistleblower who in 2013 revealed the existence of secret wide-ranging information-gathering programs conducted by the National Security Agency (NSA). The case highlighted a host of issues, including the secret use of government power, privacy in the digital age, the ethics of whistleblowing, and the role that the Internet and anonymous browsers on the dark web such as Tor can play in facilitating such whistleblowing.Snowden was born in North Carolina, and his family moved to central Maryland, a short distance from NSA headquarters at Fort Meade, when he was a child. He dropped out of high school and studied intermittently between 1999 and 2005 at a community college; he completed a GED but did not receive a college degree. He enlisted in the army reserve as a special forces candidate in May 2004, but he was discharged four months later. In 2005 he worked as a security guard at the Center for Advanced Study of Language, a University of Maryland research facility affiliated with the NSA. Despite a relative lack of formal education and training, Snowden demonstrated an aptitude with computers, and he was hired by the Central Intelligence Agency in 2006. He was given a top secret clearance and in 2007 was posted to Geneva, where he worked as a network security technician under a diplomatic cover.Snowden left the CIA for the NSA in 2009. There he worked as a private contractor for the companies Dell and Booz Allen Hamilton. During this time, he began gathering information on a number of NSA activities—most notably, secret surveillance programs that he believed were overly broad in size and scope. In May 2013 Snowden requested a medical leave of absence and flew to Hong Kong, where during the following month he conducted a series of interviews with journalists from the newspaper The Guardian. Footage filmed during that period was featured in the documentary Citizenfour (2014). Among the NSA secrets leaked by Snowden was a court order that compelled telecommunications company Verizon to turn over metadata (such as numbers dialed and duration of calls) for millions of its subscribers. Snowden also disclosed the existence of PRISM, a data-mining program that reportedly gave the NSA, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Government Communications Headquarters—Britain’s NSA equivalent—“direct access” to the servers of such Internet giants as Google, Facebook, Microsoft, and Apple.On June 9, 2013, days after stories were initially published in The Guardian and The Washington Post without revealing the identity of their source, Snowden came forward, stating that he felt no need to hide because he had done nothing wrong. In a subsequent interview with the South China Morning Post, he claimed that the NSA had been hacking into Chinese computers since 2009 and that he had taken a job with Booz Allen Hamilton expressly to obtain information about secret NSA activities. The U.S. charged Snowden with espionage on June 14, and Justice Department officials, including Attorney General Eric Holder, began negotiating with authorities in Hong Kong in an attempt to initiate extradition procedures. The Hong Kong government declined to act, and Snowden, with the assistance of the media organization WikiLeaks, flew to Moscow, where his exact whereabouts became the source of intense speculation. Russian Pres. Vladimir Putin confirmed that Snowden, whose passport had been revoked by the U.S., remained within the confines of the international transit zone of Moscow’s Sheremetyevo airport.Putin resolutely stated that Russia would take no part in his extradition to the United States, and Snowden applied for asylum in some 20 countries, including Russia. Putin also made clear that he did not wish for Snowden’s presence to damage relations with the United States, and he said that if Snowden wished to remain in Russia, “he must stop his work aimed at bringing harm to our American partners.” After having spent more than a month in the Sheremetyevo transit zone, Snowden was granted temporary refugee status by Russia, and he left the airport in the company of a WikiLeaks staffer.Although U.S. Pres. Barack Obama was critical of Snowden’s methods, in August 2013 he announced the creation of an independent panel to examine the U.S. government’s surveillance practices. That panel’s findings, published in December 2013, recommended that the mass collection of telephone records be suspended and advised greater oversight of sensitive programs, such as those targeting friendly foreign leaders. Obama acted on a number of these suggestions and recommended congressional review of others, but the role of the NSA and its data-collection efforts remained a bone of contention between the intelligence community and privacy advocates. In April 2014 The Guardian U.S. and The Washington Post were awarded the Pulitzer Prize for public service for their roles in reporting on the NSA leaks. Snowden characterized the award as “a vindication” of his efforts to bring the secret surveillance programs to light.
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In August 2014, as Snowden’s grant of temporary asylum expired, the Russian government awarded him a three-year residence permit (effective August 1), which would allow him to leave the country for up to three months. The permit was extended in 2017, and Snowden was granted permanent residency in 2020. In September 2022 Russian Pres. Vladimir Putin granted Snowden Russian citizenship.
In September 2019 Snowden released the memoir Permanent Record. On the same day, the U.S. Justice Department sued him to recover all of his earnings from the book, claiming that he had violated his nondisclosure agreements with the CIA and NSA by not submitting the work to them for a prepublication review. Michael Ray The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
爱德华·斯诺登 - 知乎
爱德华·斯诺登 - 知乎首页知乎知学堂发现等你来答切换模式登录/注册爱德华·斯诺登爱德华·斯诺登(Edward Snowden),1983 年 6 月 21 日出生于美国北卡罗来纳州伊丽莎白市,曾是 CIA(美国中央情报局)技术分析员,后供职于国防项目承包商博思艾伦咨询公司。2…查看全部内容关注话题管理分享百科讨论精华视频等待回答切换为时间排序如何评价斯诺登的行为?沪上秦人人性,人心,生活是悟道,过日子是修行假作真时真亦假,斯诺登当初是受命于美国中情局高层诈降中国,企图打入中国卧底的间谍。 那时正值互联网行快速发展期。中国有悠久的历史经验,自然会识破的。奥黑的这水平能瞒着中国。 中国识破了后。只能推给俄罗斯。 俄罗斯把斯诺登挂起来考验,十年了,斯诺登看清世界了,就对美国主子绝望了,才真降了,俄罗斯才让他入俄了。 斯诺登是忠于美国的。但美国抛弃了他。 俄罗斯的包容等待,才有真降。这是个…阅读全文赞同 1835 条评论分享收藏喜欢如何看待普京授予斯诺登俄罗斯公民身份?杨凯光环境保护话题下的优秀答主斯诺登的律师阿纳托利·库切列纳(Anatoly Kucherena)赶紧说,斯诺登没有在俄罗斯武装部队服役的经历,所以不能被合法地征召入伍。 According to RIA Novosti , a Russian state-owned news agency, Mr. Snowden’s lawyer, Anatoly Kucherena, said that his client would not be eligible for the “partial mobilization” that Mr. Putin declared last week to bolster his country’s forces in the war in Ukraine. Mr. K…阅读全文赞同 55643 条评论分享收藏喜欢我与斯诺登的一次对话世界说Hey!一起来看世界吧!“你好,我是Lulu,来自中国的记者。”主持人将第一个向斯诺登提问的机会给了我。 在这之前,还没有来自中国大陆的记者与斯诺登直接对话过。 在《纽约时报》伦敦站站长厄兰格(Steven Erlanger)对着面前的电脑说出“斯诺登先生,你好”之后,爱德华·斯诺登(Edward Snowden)的画面,出现在了雅典国家图书馆大厅的投影屏幕上。 [视频: ä¸ç说ćéŽćŻčŻşçť - č žčŽŻč§é˘] 这是在9月16日《纽约时报》主办的雅典民主论坛,斯诺登隔空参与了一个主题为“隐私与安全”的对谈…阅读全文赞同 521 条评论分享收藏斯诺登生活细节曝光,衣食无忧与女友共筑爱巢mimi哥只是个传说除了斯诺登的行踪,一直以来人们都很好奇斯诺登真实的日常生活状况。近日,有美国媒体在报道中指出,一位熟悉斯诺登生活的知情人曝光了斯诺登的近况,这位前 CIA 雇员不仅衣食无忧,而且刷 Twitter、玩 SnapChat,甚至还在用一款来自中国的加密短信软件,生活状态非常不错。小编汇总了近年来媒体关于斯诺登生活新闻的报道,我们一起来看一看斯诺登的衣食住行是什么样子吧! 眼镜:BURBERRY 0BE1012 [图片] 眼镜是斯诺登身上最经典的特征…阅读全文赞同 8610 条评论分享收藏斯诺登于 12 月 1 日正式宣誓成为俄罗斯公民,这一消息可能会产生哪些影响?张艾菲日本旅游等 2 个话题下的优秀答主有 4 个细节值得注意。前身份,斯诺登现状,美国反应,新身份。 [图片] 前身份首先是斯诺登的前身份,National Security Agency whistleblower,那么这个词到底是啥意思?国I家安I全告I密者。 [图片] 什么是国I家安I全告I密者(or检举人)?一般解释来讲,举I报人在报告他们合理认为的政I府运作中的浪费、欺诈和滥用行为方面发挥着关键作用。根据机构政策,举I报人有义务举I报不法行为。他们报告任何担忧,而不必担心报复。就是在美国是这样一位…阅读全文赞同 1027146 条评论分享收藏喜欢俄乌战争火上浇油,俄罗斯收了一名美国公敌,恐让美国恼羞成怒!硬核Deeper独立撰稿人,小说家,学者。阅读全文赞同 23 条评论分享收藏喜欢 举报斯诺登最新泄露文档:纽约AT&T大厦可能是NSA进行数据监控的秘密基地熊天然不驰于空想 不骛于虚声[图片] 斯诺登最近向 Intercept 泄露的绝密文档显示,AT&T的Long Lines大厦很有可能是NSA监控项目TITANPOINTE的秘密基地,在这里,NSA接入AT&T通讯骨干网络,进行电话、传真和互联网数据的窃听监控。Long Lines大厦 在高楼林立的纽约曼哈顿城区,座落在托马斯大街33号的美国电信AT&T总部Long Lines大厦非常特别,整栋大楼由花岗岩组成,共29层和3层地下室,没有窗户,Long Lines大厦看上去像是一座太空碉堡。大厦始建于上世纪六十年代,…阅读全文赞同 17544 条评论分享收藏斯诺登于 12 月 1 日正式宣誓成为俄罗斯公民,这一消息可能会产生哪些影响?李哪托我们一定要解放台湾!其实在美国的霸权倒塌之前都不会有啥影响这点我们不用往太久远了看,单看这几年的表现还不够吗? 美国策划多年并挑起俄乌战争,欧洲人有啥反应吗?不还得跟着美国鞍前马后的对付俄罗斯,宁可自己用着十倍二十倍价格的能源,宁可苦一苦自己在寒风中多穿几件毛衣多烧几根木柴、增加亿点通胀也要满足美国人的欢心,甚至有些当事人恬不知耻的连“为美国的价值观而战”都喊出口了。 还有疫情,一个号称唯一的超级大国,上能日天下能日…阅读全文赞同 27718 条评论分享收藏喜欢如何看待普京授予斯诺登俄罗斯公民身份?王占计离职教师普京不愧是克格勃出身! 斯诺登表示:他获得俄罗斯公民身份后,仍保留美国国籍,希望今后能重回美国。 美国务院发言人内德 普莱斯说:“斯诺登先生应回到美国伏法,就像其他美国人一样。” 斯诺登的律师 Anatoly Kucherena 告诉Interfax 新闻社说:斯诺登并不适用于动员令。他没服过兵役。 [图片] 2022年9月26 ,俄新兵聚集在征兵中心外,Bataysk, Rostov-on-Don 地区,南俄罗斯。美联社 [图片] 爱德华 斯诺登,2013年露面。法新社 克里姆林宫…阅读全文赞同 23791 条评论分享收藏喜欢如何看待俄罗斯已给予斯诺登永久居留权?王子君手中钱、脚下路、steamdeck的重量,均不使我心安谢邀。 美帝的舆论是我最感兴趣的。 翻了一堆账号,MAGA系和Fake News系的都有,至少80%的声音都是负面的。 有的开玩笑,说“别喝茶”(毒杀)、“离拿雨伞的人远一点”(伞尖针刺含毒),基本还是嘲讽俄罗斯特情部门的那一套; 有的高呼“斯诺登先适应一下,川普马上跟着去了”,这类在Fake News系媒体下最多; MAGA系媒体不用讲,下面都是一片对“叛徒”的讨伐声。 可13年时不是这样的。 斯诺登作为CIA的前职员、也是NSA的外包…阅读全文赞同 5939144 条评论分享收藏喜欢阿桑奇和斯诺登案:美国是否冒犯了全世界?循迹作者:陈无术 图片/排版/校对:循迹小编 全文约5600字,大约需要15分钟。 更多有意思的音/视频,请订阅 循迹晓讲&循迹讲堂微信公众号,在iOS App Store或各大安卓应用市场搜索循迹讲堂,听你们熟悉又陌生的方生老师给大家讲有趣的历史故事。在我们前两天的文章《 「川普,你号没了」:美国社会没有言论权吗?| 循迹晓讲 》下,有读者希望我们可以谈一谈阿桑奇的问题,事实上,阿桑奇与斯诺登事件有相似性。那么,就这两件事我们可…阅读全文赞同 5815 条评论分享收藏如何看待俄罗斯已给予斯诺登永久居留权?帅天下手机话题下的优秀答主没有比这张身份证打出更好的广告了,敌人家的叛逆份子,就是自己人。 1、让俄罗斯大国形象和国际威望倍增,这胜过和平年代里任何形式的战争,美国的监听丑闻爆发,最后是俄罗斯获胜。 2、这强于任何形式招贤纳士的广告,只要你有这个金刚钻,愿意为俄罗斯效力,哪怕正在被世界头号强国美帝通缉,俄罗斯也能庇护你,让你的才华能力得以施展。 3、得道多助失道寡助,在美国监听丑闻中,斯诺登对于美国来说是叛逆份子,对于世界人民…阅读全文赞同 101865 条评论分享收藏喜欢如何评价斯诺登的行为?kazeheju团结的人民不会被击溃只能说在美国待的太舒服了,政府窃取民众隐私这种事儿就能给他干破防了。 [图片]阅读全文赞同 27514 条评论分享收藏喜欢如何看待普京授予斯诺登俄罗斯公民身份?乱章中国科学院大学 神经生物学硕士摘录一些斯诺登在自传里的内容,看完就知道为何美国坚决要处理他。 “我坐在终端机前, 可以近乎无限地取得世界上几乎所有男女老幼的通信记录,只要人们曾经拨打过一通电话或碰触过一台计算机。这些人当中包括3.2亿美国同胞,他们日常生活的一举一动都遭到监视,不仅严重违反美国宪法,更违背自由社会的基本价值。” “单是在我的职业生涯中, 同一批机构便操弄情报以营造战争借口,并且使用非法政策与隐讳的司法权,将绑架视同…阅读全文赞同 5124501 条评论分享收藏喜欢浏览量5729 万讨论量2.7 万 帮助中心知乎隐私保护指引申请开通机构号联系我们 举报中心涉未成年举报网络谣言举报涉企虚假举报更多 关于知乎下载知乎知乎招聘知乎指南知乎协议更多京 ICP 证 110745 号 · 京 ICP 备 13052560 号 - 1 · 京公网安备 11010802020088 号 · 京网文[2022]2674-081 号 · 药品医疗器械网络信息服务备案(京)网药械信息备字(2022)第00334号 · 广播电视节目制作经营许可证:(京)字第06591号 · 服务热线:400-919-0001 · Investor Relations · © 2024 知乎 北京智者天下科技有限公司版权所有 · 违法和不良信息举报:010-82716601 · 举报邮箱:jubao@zhihu.
A decade on, Edward Snowden remains in Russia, though U.S. laws have changed : NPR
A decade on, Edward Snowden remains in Russia, though U.S. laws have changed : NPR
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A decade on, Edward Snowden remains in Russia, though U.S. laws have changed A decade ago, we were still exploring the technological wonders of cellphones and other electronic devices. Few were thinking about how they could be used to monitor us. Then came Edward Snowden.
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A decade on, Edward Snowden remains in Russia, though U.S. laws have changed
June 4, 20237:48 AM ET
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Greg Myre
A decade on, Edward Snowden remains in Russia, though U.S. laws have changed
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From Moscow, former U.S. National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden addresses a technology conference in Portugal in 2019. Snowden fled the U.S. in 2013 and revealed highly classified U.S. surveillance programs. He's been living in Russia for the past decade, and received Russian citizenship last year.
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From Moscow, former U.S. National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden addresses a technology conference in Portugal in 2019. Snowden fled the U.S. in 2013 and revealed highly classified U.S. surveillance programs. He's been living in Russia for the past decade, and received Russian citizenship last year.
Armando Franca/AP
Edward Snowden's family traces its role in national security to relatives who fought in the Revolutionary War. Snowden assumed he'd be engaged in similar work as well. But as a contractor for the National Security Agency, working at an underground facility in Hawaii in 2013, he witnessed the mass collection of electronic data on American citizens, and he thought it was wrong. "We had stopped watching specific terrorists, and we had started watching everyone just in case they became a terrorist. And this was not something that affected just people far away in places like Indonesia. This is affecting Americans," Snowden said in a 2019 interview with NPR from Moscow, where's he's been living for the past 10 years.
A decade ago, many Americans were still exploring the technological wonders of cellphones and other electronic devices. Few were thinking about how governments or private companies could monitor citizens on the devices. Then came Snowden's revelations. Snowden copied files of the NSA's top-secret surveillance programs and fled the U.S., sharing the highly classified information with several Western journalists, including Barton Gellman, formerly of The Washington Post.
Book Reviews
In 'Dark Mirror,' Reporter Concludes: 'Snowden Did Substantially More Good Than Harm'
"I think Snowden did substantially more good than harm, even though I am prepared to accept (as he does not) that his disclosures must have exacted a price in lost intelligence," Gellman wrote in his 2020 book, Dark Mirror: Edward Snowden and the American Surveillance State. Gellman portrays Snowden as a loner filled with zeal and a black-and-white worldview. He describes Snowden as precise and accurate most of the time, though sometimes prone to self-aggrandizement and exaggeration. U.S. officials still describe Snowden as a 'traitor' Meanwhile, many in the national security community, then and now, regard Snowden as a traitor. Most all say he should return to the U.S. and face the criminal charges against him. "He's clearly an individual who betrayed the trust and confidence we had in him. This is not an individual who is acting, in my opinion, with noble intent," said Keith Alexander, the NSA director when Snowden leaked the files.
"What Snowden has revealed has caused irreversible and significant damage to our country and to our allies," Alexander told ABC shortly after the breach. When Snowden felt he was about to be detained in Hong Kong, he flew to Russia. His final destination was Ecuador, but the U.S. government canceled his passport and charged him with violating the Espionage Act. Those charges still stand, and Snowden's been in Russia ever since. He received citizenship there last year. Still, Snowden provoked a fierce debate over government surveillance, personal privacy and the power and perils of technology. New laws, and a move to encryption "In the years that have passed, we have seen the laws changed. We have seen the programs change," Snowden said.
Book Reviews
In 'Permanent Record,' Edward Snowden Says 'Exile Is An Endless Layover'
In 2015, Congress rewrote the law that allowed the NSA to scoop up everyone's records. The U.S.A. Freedom Act now prohibits the bulk collection of phone records by American citizens. "The act also includes other changes to our surveillance laws, including more transparency to help build confidence among the American people that your privacy and civil liberties are being protected," President Barack Obama said shortly before signing the USA Freedom Act. There's been another big shift as well. Many Americans now better understand how governments and private companies like Facebook, Amazon and Google collect personal data. This in turn has led to a much wider use of encryption. Snowden says 2016 marked the first year that a majority of Internet traffic was encrypted, a trend that continues. There's no sign Snowden's case will be resolved anytime soon. Snowden said when he landed in Moscow in 2013, he expected to have a one-day layover in Moscow. But in his 2019 autobiography, Permanent Record, Snowden wrote: "Exile is an endless layover." Snowden's critics often attack him for living in Russia, all the more so in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. He says his attempts to move to other countries have been thwarted by the U.S. government.
"It is not my choice to be in Russia. I'm constantly criticizing the Russian government's policy, the Russian government's human rights record - even the Russian president by name," Snowden said. From his Moscow apartment, Snowden initially gave online interviews to news outlets around the world. He's been much less visible in recent years. He's now married to American Lindsay Mills, and they have two young sons born in Russia. Greg Myre is an NPR national security correspondent. Follow him @gregmyre1. More moments in history
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Edward Snowden - Education, Movie & Documentary
rd Snowden - Education, Movie & DocumentarySearchWomen’s HistoryHistory & CultureMusiciansMovies & TVAthletesArtistsPower & PoliticsBusinessScholars & EducatorsScientistsActivistsNotorious FiguresBIO BuysNewsletterPrivacy NoticeTerms Of UseSkip to ContentWomen’s HistoryMusiciansMovies & TVAthletesNewsletterFamous ActivistsEdward SnowdenEdward SnowdenEdward Snowden is a former National Security Agency subcontractor who made headlines in 2013 when he leaked top-secret information about NSA surveillance activities.Updated: Sep 18, 2019(1983-)Who Is Edward Snowden?Edward Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is a computer programmer who worked as a subcontractor for the National Security Agency (NSA). Snowden collected top-secret documents regarding NSA domestic surveillance practices that he found disturbing and leaked them. After he fled to Hong Kong, he met with journalists from The Guardian and filmmaker Laura Poitras. Newspapers began printing the documents that he had leaked, many of them detailing the monitoring of American citizens. The U.S. has charged Snowden with violations of the Espionage Act, while many groups call him a hero. Snowden has found asylum in Russia and continues to speak about his work. Citizenfour, a documentary by Laura Poitras about his story, won an Oscar in 2015. He is also the subject of Snowden, a 2016 biopic directed by Oliver Stone and starring Joseph Gordon-Levitt, and has published a memoir, Permanent Record.Family & Early LifeSnowden was born in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, on June 21, 1983. His mother works for the federal court in Baltimore (the family moved to Maryland during Snowden's youth) as chief deputy clerk for administration and information technology. Snowden's father, a former Coast Guard officer, later relocated to Pennsylvania and remarried.Edward Snowden’s EducationEdward Snowden dropped out of high school and studied computers at Anne Arundel Community College in Arnold, Maryland (from 1999 to 2001, and again from 2004 to 2005). Between his stints at community college, Snowden spent four months from May to September 2004 in special-forces training in the Army Reserves, but he did not complete his training. Snowden told The Guardian that he was discharged from the Army after he “broke both his legs in a training accident.” However, an unclassified report published on September 15, 2016 by the House Intelligence Committee refuted his claim, stating: “He claimed to have left Army basic training because of broken legs when in fact he washed out because of shin splints.”Photo: The Guardian via Getty ImagesEdward Snowden during an interview in Hong Kong in 2013. NSA SubcontractorSnowden eventually landed a job as a security guard at the University of Maryland's Center for Advanced Study of Language. The institution had ties to the National Security Agency, and, by 2006, Snowden had taken an information-technology job at the Central Intelligence Agency. In 2009, after being suspected of trying to break into classified files, he left to work for private contractors, among them Dell and Booz Allen Hamilton, a tech consulting firm. While at Dell, he worked as a subcontractor in an NSA office in Japan before being transferred to an office in Hawaii. After a short time, he moved from Dell to Booz Allen, another NSA subcontractor, and remained with the company for only three months.Snowden’s LeaksDuring his years of IT work, Snowden had noticed the far reach of the NSA's everyday surveillance. While working for Booz Allen, Snowden began copying top-secret NSA documents, building a dossier on practices that he found invasive and disturbing. The documents contained vast information on the NSA's domestic surveillance practices.After he had compiled a large store of documents, Snowden told his NSA supervisor that he needed a leave of absence for medical reasons, stating he had been diagnosed with epilepsy. On May 20, 2013, Snowden took a flight to Hong Kong, China, where he remained as he orchestrated a clandestine meeting with journalists from the U.K. publication The Guardian as well as filmmaker Laura Poitras. On June 5, The Guardian released secret documents obtained from Snowden. In these documents, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court implemented an order that required Verizon to release information to the NSA on an "ongoing, daily basis" culled from its American customers' phone activities.The following day, The Guardian and The Washington Post released Snowden's leaked information on PRISM, an NSA program that allows real-time information collection electronically. A flood of information followed, and both domestic and international debate ensued."I'm willing to sacrifice [my former life] because I can't in good conscience allow the U.S. government to destroy privacy, internet freedom and basic liberties for people around the world with this massive surveillance machine they're secretly building," Snowden said in interviews given from his Hong Kong hotel room. The fallout from his disclosures continued to unfold over the next months, including a legal battle over the collection of phone data by the NSA. President Obama sought to calm fears over government spying in January 2014, ordering U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder to review the country's surveillance programs. Charges Against Edward SnowdenThe U.S. government soon responded to Snowden's disclosures legally. On June 14, 2013, federal prosecutors charged Snowden with "theft of government Property," "unauthorized communication of national defense information" and "willful communication of classified communications intelligence information to an unauthorized person." The last two charges fall under the Espionage Act. Before President Barack Obama took office, the act had only been used for prosecutorial purposes three times since 1917. Since President Obama took office, the act had been invoked seven times as of June 2013.While some decried Snowden as a traitor, others supported his cause. More than 100,000 people signed an online petition asking President Obama to pardon Snowden by late June 2013. Exile in RussiaSnowden remained in hiding for slightly more than a month. He initially planned to relocate to Ecuador for asylum, but, upon making a stopover, he became stranded in a Russian airport for a month when his passport was annulled by the American government. The Russian government denied U.S. requests to extradite Snowden. In July 2013, Snowden made headlines again when it was announced that he had been offered asylum in Venezuela, Nicaragua and Bolivia. Snowden soon made up his mind, expressing an interest in staying in Russia. One of his lawyers, Anatoly Kucherena, stated that Snowden would seek temporary asylum in Russia and possibly apply for citizenship later. Snowden thanked Russia for giving him asylum and said that "in the end the law is winning."That October, Snowden stated that he no longer possessed any of the NSA files that he leaked to the press. He gave the materials to the journalists he met with in Hong Kong, but he didn't keep copies for himself. Snowden explained that "it wouldn't serve the public interest" for him to have brought the files to Russia, according to The New York Times. Around this time, Snowden's father, Lon, visited his son in Moscow and continued to publicly express support. In November 2013, Snowden's request to the U.S. government for clemency was rejected. Critic of Government SurveillanceIn exile, Snowden has remained a polarizing figure and a critic of government surveillance. He made an appearance at the popular South by Southwest festival via teleconference in March 2014. Around this time, the U.S. military revealed that the information Snowden leaked may have caused billions of dollars in damage to its security structures. In May 2014, Snowden gave a revealing interview with NBC News. He told Brian Williams that he was a trained spy who worked undercover as an operative for the CIA and NSA, an assertion denied by National Security Adviser Susan Rice in a CNN interview. Snowden explained that he viewed himself as a patriot, believing his actions had beneficial results. He stated that his leaking of information led to "a robust public debate" and "new protections in the United States and abroad for our rights to make sure they're no longer violated." He also expressed an interest in returning home to America. Snowden appeared with Poitras and Greenwald via video-conference in February 2015. Earlier that month, Snowden spoke with students at Upper Canada College via video-conference. He told them that "the problem with mass surveillance is when you collect everything, you understand nothing." He also stated that government spying "fundamentally changes the balance of power between the citizen and the state."On September 29, 2015, Snowden joined the social media platform Twitter, tweeting "Can you hear me now?" He had almost two million followers in a little over 24 hours. Just a few days later, Snowden spoke to the New Hampshire Liberty Forum via Skype and stated he would be willing to return to the U.S. if the government could guarantee a fair trial.Edward Snowden Pardon CampaignOn September 13, 2016, Snowden said in an interview with The Guardian that he would seek a pardon from President Obama. “Yes, there are laws on the books that say one thing, but that is perhaps why the pardon power exists – for the exceptions, for the things that may seem unlawful in letters on a page but when we look at them morally, when we look at them ethically, when we look at the results, it seems these were necessary things, these were vital things,” he said in the interview.The next day various human rights groups including the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International launched a campaign requesting that Obama pardon Snowden. Appearing via a telepresence robot, Snowden expressed gratitude for the support. "I love my country. I love my family," he said. "I don't know where we're going from here. I don't know what tomorrow looks like. But I'm glad for the decisions I've made. Never in my wildest dreams would I have imagined, three years ago, such an outpouring of solidarity."He also emphasized that his case resonates beyond him. "This really isn’t about me," he said. "It’s about us. It’s about our right to dissent. It’s about the kind of country we want to have."On September 15, the House Intelligence Committee released a three-page unclassified summary of a report about its two-year investigation into Snowden’s case. In the summary, Snowden was characterized as a “disgruntled employee who had frequent conflicts with his managers,” a “serial exaggerator and fabricator” and “not a whistle-blower.”“Snowden caused tremendous damage to national security, and the vast majority of the documents he stole have nothing to do with programs impacting individual privacy interests — they instead pertain to military, defense and intelligence programs of great interest to America’s adversaries,” the summary of the report stated.Members of the committee also unanimously signed a letter to President Obama asking him not to pardon Snowden. “We urge you not to pardon Edward Snowden, who perpetrated the largest and most damaging public disclosure of classified information in our nation’s history,” the letter stated. “If Mr. Snowden returns from Russia, where he fled in 2013, the U.S. government must hold him accountable for his actions.”Snowden responded on Twitter saying: "Their report is so artlessly distorted that it would be amusing if it weren't such a serious act of bad faith." He followed with a series of tweets refuting the committee's claims and said: "I could go on. Bottom line: after 'two years of investigation,' the American people deserve better. This report diminishes the committee."Snowden also tweeted that the release of the committee's summary was an effort to discourage people from watching the biopic Snowden, which was released in the United States on September 16, 2016.Edward Snowden and Donald TrumpIn April 2014, well before becoming president, Donald Trump tweeted that Edward Snowden should be executed for the damage his leaks had caused to the U.S. Following President Trump’s election, in November 2016, Snowden told viewers of a teleconference in Sweden that he wasn’t worried about the government increasing efforts to arrest him. “I don’t care. The reality here is that yes, Donald Trump has appointed a new director of the Central Intelligence Agency who uses me as a specific example to say that, look, dissidents should be put to death. But if I get hit by a bus, or a drone, or dropped off an airplane tomorrow, you know what? It doesn’t actually matter that much to me, because I believe in the decisions that I’ve already made,” Snowden said.In an open letter from May 2017, Snowden joined 600 activists urging President Trump to drop an investigation and any potential charges against Wikileaks founder Julian Assange for his role in classified intelligence leaks.Where Is Edward Snowden Now?As of 2019, Edward Snowden was still living in Moscow, Russia. However in February 2016 he said that he’d return to the U.S. in exchange for a fair trial. In February 2017, NBC News reported that the Russian government was considering handing him over to the U.S. to curry favor with President Donald Trump, although Snowden remains in Russia.Movies on Edward SnowdenIn 2014, Snowden was featured in Laura Poitras' highly acclaimed documentary Citizenfour. The director had recorded her meetings with Snowden and Guardian journalist Glenn Greenwald. The film went on to win an Academy Award in 2015. "When the decisions that rule us are taken in secret, we lose the power to control and govern ourselves," said Poitras during her acceptance speech.In September 2016, director Oliver Stone released a biopic, Snowden, with Edward Snowden's cooperation. The film stars Joseph Gordon-Levitt in the lead role and Shailene Woodley playing girlfriend Lindsay Mills.Memoir: 'Permanent Record'Snowden returned to the headlines in September 2019 with the publication of his memoir, Permanent Record. Within its pages, he describes his disappointment in President Obama's efforts to build on the wide-ranging surveillance programs enacted by his predecessor, George W. Bush, and provides his account of events leading to the fateful day in June 2013 when he unveiled the classified documents that rocked the intelligence community and changed his life forever.On the same day his memoir was released, the Department of Justice filed a civil lawsuit alleging that Snowden had violated the nondisclosure agreements he signed with the federal government, entitling the DOJ to all profits from book sales. Additionally, the suit named the publisher, Macmillan, and asked the court to freeze the company's assets related to the book to "ensure that no funds are transferred to Snowden, or at his direction, while the court resolves the United States' claims." Edward Snowden’s GirlfriendOne of the people Snowden left behind when he moved to Hong Kong to leak secret NSA files was his girlfriend Lindsay Mills. The pair had been living together in Hawaii, and she reportedly had no idea that he was about to disclose classified information to the public.Mills graduated from Laurel High School in Maryland in 2003 and the Maryland Institute College of Art in 2007. She began her career as a pole-dancing performance artist while living in Hawaii with Snowden.In January 2015, Mills joined the Citizenfour documentary team onstage for their Oscars acceptance speech.In September 2019 it was reported that Snowden and Mills had gotten married.QUICK FACTSName: Edward SnowdenBirth Year: 1983Birth date: June 21, 1983Birth State: North CarolinaBirth City: Elizbeth CityBirth Country: United StatesGender: MaleBest Known For: Edward Snowden is a former National Security Agency subcontractor who made headlines in 2013 when he leaked top-secret information about NSA surveillance activities.IndustriesInternet/ComputingU.S. PoliticsAstrological Sign: CancerSchoolsAnne Arundel Community CollegeUniversity of LiverpoolNacionalitiesAmericanInteresting FactsEdward Snowden claimed he was a trained spy who worked undercover as an operative for the CIA and NSA. National Security Adviser Susan Rice denied his assertions.When Snowden joined Twitter on September 29, 2015, he gained 2 million followers in a little over 24 hours.OccupationsComputer ProgrammerFact CheckWe strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,contact us!CITATION INFORMATIONArticle Title: Edward Snowden BiographyAuthor: Biography.com EditorsWebsite Name: The Biography.com websiteUrl: https://www.biography.com/activists/edward-snowdenAccess Date: Publisher: A&E; Television NetworksLast Updated: September 18, 2019Original Published Date: April 2, 2014QUOTESI don't want to live in a society that does these sort of things ... I do not want to live in a world where everything I do and say is recorded. That is not something I am willing to support or live under.I understand that I will be made to suffer for my actions, [but] I will be satisfied if the federation of secret law, unequal pardon and irresistible executive powers that rule the world that I love are revealed even for an instant.I'm willing to sacrifice [my former life] because I can't in good conscience allow the U.S. government to destroy privacy, internet freedom and basic liberties for people around the world with this massive surveillance machine they're secretly building.I had been looking for leaders, but I realized that leadership is about being the first to act.I realized that I was part of something that was doing far more harm than good.I have no intention of hiding who I am because I know I have done nothing wrong.I don't see myself as a hero, because what I'm doing is self-interested. I don't want to live in a world where there's no privacy and therefore no room for intellectual exploration and creativity.I do not expect to see home again, though that is what I want.Advertisement - Continue Reading BelowFamous ActivistsMargaret SangerGloria SteinemAlexei Navalny30 Civil Rights Leaders of the Past and PresentAdvertisement - Continue Reading BelowDred ScottClaudette ColvinMarcus GarveyMartin Luther King Jr.17 Inspiring Martin Luther King QuotesHarriet TubmanMalala YousafzaiFred HamptonAdvertisement - Continue Reading BelowAbout Biography.comNewsletterContact UsOther Hearst SubscriptionsA Part of Hearst Digital MediaWe may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back.©2024 Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networks®protected in the US and other countries around the globe.Privacy NoticeTerms of UseCA Notice at CollectionDAA Industry Opt OutYour CA Privacy Rights/Shine the LightCookies ChoiEdward Snowden On The NSA, His Book 'Permanent Record' And Life In Russia : NPR
Edward Snowden On The NSA, His Book 'Permanent Record' And Life In Russia : NPR
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Edward Snowden On The NSA, His Book 'Permanent Record' And Life In Russia In 2013, Snowden showed journalists thousands of top-secret documents about U.S. intelligence agencies' surveillance efforts. He's been living in Russia ever since. His new book is Permanent Record.
National Security
Edward Snowden Speaks Out: 'I Haven't And I Won't' Cooperate With Russia
September 19, 201912:28 PM ET
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Edward Snowden Speaks Out: 'I Haven't And I Won't' Cooperate With Russia
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Reflecting on his decision to go public with classified information, Edward Snowden says, "The likeliest outcome for me, hands down, was that I'd spend the rest of my life in an orange jumpsuit, but that was a risk that I had to take."
Courtesy of Edward Snowden
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Courtesy of Edward Snowden
Reflecting on his decision to go public with classified information, Edward Snowden says, "The likeliest outcome for me, hands down, was that I'd spend the rest of my life in an orange jumpsuit, but that was a risk that I had to take."
Courtesy of Edward Snowden
In 2013, Edward Snowden was an IT systems expert working under contract for the National Security Agency when he traveled to Hong Kong to provide three journalists with thousands of top-secret documents about U.S. intelligence agencies' surveillance of American citizens. To Snowden, the classified information he shared with the journalists exposed privacy abuses by government intelligence agencies. He saw himself as a whistleblower. But the U.S. government considered him a traitor in violation of the Espionage Act. After meeting with the journalists, Snowden intended to leave Hong Kong and travel — via Russia — to Ecuador, where he would seek asylum. But when his plane landed at Moscow's Sheremetyevo International Airport, things didn't go according to plan.
"What I wasn't expecting was that the United States government itself ... would cancel my passport," he says.
Author Interviews
Edward Snowden Tells NPR: The Executive Branch 'Sort Of Hacked The Constitution'
Snowden was directed to a room where Russian intelligence agents offered to assist him — in return for access to any secrets he harbored. Snowden says he refused. "I didn't cooperate with the Russian intelligence services — I haven't and I won't," he says. "I destroyed my access to the archive. ... I had no material with me before I left Hong Kong, because I knew I was going to have to go through this complex multi-jurisdictional route." Snowden spent 40 days in the Moscow airport, trying to negotiate asylum in various countries. After being denied asylum by 27 nations, he settled in Russia, where he remains today. "People look at me now and they think I'm this crazy guy, I'm this extremist or whatever. Some people have a misconception that [I] set out to burn down the NSA," he says. "But that's not what this was about. In many ways, 2013 wasn't about surveillance at all. What it was about was a violation of the Constitution."
National Security
Justice Department Sues Edward Snowden, Seeking Profits From His Book
Snowden's 2013 revelations led to changes in the laws and standards governing American intelligence agencies and the practices of U.S. technology companies, which now encrypt much of their Web traffic for security. He reflects on his life and his experience in the intelligence community in the memoir Permanent Record. On Sept. 17, the U.S. Justice Department filed suit to recover all proceeds from the book, alleging that Snowden violated nondisclosure agreements by not letting the government review the manuscript before publication; Snowden's attorney, Ben Wizner, said in a statement that the book contains no government secrets that have not been previously published by respected news organizations, and that the government's prepublication review system is under court challenge.
Interview Highlights
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On how researching China's surveillance capabilities for a CIA presentation got him thinking about the potential for domestic surveillance within the U.S. I'm invited to give a presentation about how China is hacking the United States intelligence services, defense contractors, anything that we have available in the network, which I know a little bit about but not that much about, because they have the person who is supposed to be giving the presentation drop out. So I go looking ... seeing what exactly is it that China is doing? What are their capabilities? Are they hacking? Are they doing domestic surveillance? Are they doing international surveillance? What is occurring? And I'm just shocked by the extent of their capabilities. I'm appalled by the aggression with which they use them. But also, in a strange way, surprised by the openness with which they use them. They're not hiding it. They're just open and out there, saying, "Yeah, we're doing this. Yeah, we're hacking you. What are you going to do about it?" And I think this is a distinction: I think, yes, the NSA is spying — of course they're spying — but we're only spying overseas, we're not spying on our guys at home. We wouldn't do that. We have firewalls, we have trip wires for people to hit. But surely these are only affecting terrorists, because we're not like China. But this plants the first seeds of doubt where I see if the capability is there. On what he discovered about U.S. domestic surveillance
National Security
Officials: Edward Snowden's Leaks Were Masked By Job Duties
Over the final years of my career ... I see that we have the same capabilities as the Chinese government, and we are applying them domestically — just as they are. We have an internal strategy at the NSA, which was never publicly avowed, but it was all over their top-secret internal slides, that said the aspiration was to "collect it all." What this means was they were not just collecting and intercepting communications from criminals, spies, terrorists, people of intelligence value — they were collecting on everyone, everywhere, all of the time, just in case, because you never know what's going to be interesting. And if you miss it when it's passing by, you might not get another chance.
And so what happened was every time we wrote an email, every time you typed something into that Google search box, every time your phone moved, you sent a text message, you made a phone call ... the boundaries of the Fourth Amendment were being changed. This was without even the vast majority of members of Congress knowing about it. And this is when I start to think about maybe we need to know about this, maybe if Congress knew about this, maybe if the courts knew about this, we would not have the same policies as the Chinese government. On feeling like he was breaking an oath by keeping quiet about the extent of government surveillance
... when I realize we have been violating, in secret, the Fourth Amendment of that Constitution for the better part of a decade ... that we are committing felonies in the United States under a direct mandate from the White House billions of times a day — honestly, I fell into depression.
Edward Snowden
My very first day entering into duty for the CIA, I was required to pledge an oath of service. Now, a lot of people are confused, they think there's an oath of secrecy, but this is important to understand. There's a secrecy agreement. This is a civil agreement with the government, a nondisclosure agreement called Standard Form 312. ... It says you won't talk to journalists, you won't write books as I have now done, but when you give this oath of service it's something very different. It's a pledge of allegiance, not to the agency, not to a government, not to a president, but to support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies foreign and domestic. And so when I realize we have been violating, in secret, the Fourth Amendment of that Constitution for the better part of a decade, the rate of violation is increasing, the scope of the violation is increasing with every day, that we are committing felonies in the United States under a direct mandate from the White House billions of times a day — honestly, I fell into depression. And I tried to think, how can I just get by? And this leads to a period where I resign from what would be considered direct mission-related work out in Japan, in the foreign field, as we call it, and I returned to ... a purely corporate position for Dell as a sales official at CIA headquarters.
On deciding to share classified material with journalists and setting conditions for the publication of the material I tried to reconstruct the system of checks and balances by using myself to provide documents to the journalists, but never to publish them myself. People don't realize this, but I never made public a single document. I trusted that role to the journalists to decide what the public did and did not need to know. Before the journalists published these stories, they had to go to the government, and this was a condition that I required them to do, and tell the government, warn them they're about to run this story about this program and the government could argue against publication and say, "You've got it wrong," or "You've got it right." But if you publish this is going to hurt somebody. In every case I'm aware of, that process was followed, and that's why in 2019 we've never seen any evidence at all presented by the government that someone's been harmed as a result of these stories. (Editor's note: A 2016 report by the House intelligence committee cited more than 20 examples of which, it said, Snowden damaged national security. The details of those instances were redacted.) On being detained in the Moscow airport for 40 days before being granted temporary asylum in Russia Had I cooperated with the Russian government right — if you think I'm a Russian spy — I would have been in that airport for five minutes before they drove me out in a limo to the palace where I'd be living for the rest of my days, before they throw the parade where they call me a hero of Russia. Instead I was trapped in this airport for 40 days. ...
The Two-Way
Who Is Edward Snowden, The Self-Styled NSA Leaker?
The U.S. government worked quite hard to make sure I didn't leave Russia. ... Why did the U.S. government work so hard to keep me in Russia? We don't have a clear answer, and we may never have that until more people in the Obama administration start writing memoirs, but it's either they panicked or they realized this would be an evergreen political attack where they could just use guilt by association, people's suspicion of the Russian government to try to taint me by proxy.
On his life in Russia and whether he receives any kind of financial support from the Russian government I have my own apartment. I have my own income. I live a fully independent life. I have never and will never accept money or housing or any other assistance from the Russian government. ... People ask how I make my living, and I give lectures. I speak publicly for the American Program Bureau and places book me to speak about the future of cybersecurity, what's happening with surveillance, and about conscience and whistleblowing. I've never been the nightclub type. I'm a little bit of an indoor cat. Whether I lived in Maryland or New York or Geneva or Tokyo or Moscow, I always spend the majority of my time looking into a screen, because I think the thing that's on the other side of it is beautiful. It has the promise of human connection. And although the Internet is very much a troubled place ... I think it is something worth fighting for, and something that they can improve. On how he secures his personal cellphone I try not to use one as much as possible, and when I do use one, I use a cellphone that I have myself modified. [I've] performed a kind of surgery on it. I open it up with special tools and I use a soldering iron to remove the microphone and I disconnect the camera so that the phone can't simply listen to me when it's sitting there. It physically has no microphone in it. And when I need to make a call I just connect an external microphone through the headphone jack. And this way the phone works for you rather than you working for the phone.
We need to be regulating the collection of data, because our phones, our devices, our laptops — even just driving down the street with all of these systems that surround us today — is producing records about our lives. It's the modern pollution.
Edward Snowden
You need to be careful about the software you put on your phone, you need to be careful about the connections it's making, because today most people have got a thousand apps on their phones; it's sitting there on your desk right now or in your hand and the screen can be off but it's connecting hundreds or thousands of times a second. ... And this is this core problem of the data issue that we're dealing with today. We're passing laws that are trying to regulate the use of data. We're trying to regulate the protection of data, but all of these things presume that the data has already been collected. ... We need to be regulating the collection of data, because our phones, our devices, our laptops — even just driving down the street with all of these systems that surround us today — is producing records about our lives. It's the modern pollution. On coming back to the U.S. to face trial
Book Reviews
In 'Permanent Record,' Edward Snowden Says 'Exile Is An Endless Layover'
My ultimate goal will always be to return to the United States. And I've actually had conversations with the government, last in the Obama administration, about what that would look like, and they said, "You should come and face trial." I said, "Sure. Sign me up. Under one condition: I have to be able to tell the jury why I did what I did, and the jury has to decide: Was this justified or unjustified." This is called a public interest defense and is allowed under pretty much every crime someone can be charged for. Even murder, for example, has defenses. It can be self-defense and so on so forth, it could be manslaughter instead of first-degree murder. But in the case of telling a journalist the truth about how the government was breaking the law, the government says there can be no defense. There can be no justification for why you did it. The only thing the jury gets to consider is did you tell the journalists something you were not allowed to tell them. If yes, it doesn't matter why you did it. You go to jail. And I have said, as soon as you guys say for whistleblowers it is the jury who decides if it was right or wrong to expose the government's own lawbreaking, I'll be in court the next day.
Sam Briger and Thea Chaloner produced and edited the audio of this interview. Bridget Bentz, Molly Seavy-Nesper and Meghan Sullivan adapted it for the Web.
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After 6 Years in Exile, Edward Snowden Explains Himself | WIRED
r 6 Years in Exile, Edward Snowden Explains Himself | WIREDSkip to main contentOpen Navigation MenuMenuStory SavedTo revisit this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories.Close AlertAfter 6 Years in Exile, Edward Snowden Explains HimselfSecurityPoliticsGearBackchannelBusinessScienceCultureIdeasMerchMoreChevronStory SavedTo revisit this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories.Close AlertSign InSearchSearchSecurityPoliticsGearBackchannelBusinessScienceCultureIdeasMerchPodcastsVideoWired WorldArtificial IntelligenceClimateGamesNewslettersMagazineEventsWired InsiderJobsCouponsAndy GreenbergBackchannelSep 16, 2019 10:00 AMAfter 6 Years in Exile, Edward Snowden Explains HimselfIn a new memoir and interview, the world’s most famous whistle-blower elucidates as never before why he stood up to mass surveillance—and his love for an internet that no longer exists.Snowden remains a kind of First Amendment absolutist. “That’s the price of admission to a free society,” he says. “The best response to the worst person is not to fear them but to correct them, not to silence them but to challenge them, to make them better than they were.”Photograph: Baikal/AlamySave this storySaveSave this storySaveEdward Snowden, arguably the world’s most famous whistle-blower, is a man who lived behind plenty of pseudonyms before putting his true name to his truth-telling: When he was first communicating with the journalists who would reveal his top-secret NSA leaks, he used the names Citizenfour, Cincinnatus, and Verax—Latin for “truthful” and a knowing allusion to Julian Assange’s old hacker handle Mendax, the teller of lies.But in his newly published memoir and manifesto, Permanent Record, Snowden describes other handles, albeit long-defunct ones: Shrike the Knight, Corwin the Bard, Belgarion the Smith, squ33ker the precocious kid asking amateur questions about chip compatibility on an early bulletin-board service. These were online videogame and forum personas, he writes, that as a teenager in the 1990s he’d acquire and jettison like T-shirts, assuming new identities on a whim, often to leave behind mistakes or embarrassing ideas he’d tried out in online conversations. Sometimes, he notes, he’d even use his new identity to attack his prior self, the better to disavow the ignoramus he’d been the week before.That long-lost internet, Snowden writes, offered its inhabitants a “reset button for your life” that could be pressed every day, at will. And he still pines for it. “To be able to expand your experience, to become a more whole person by being able to try and fail, this is what teaches us who we are and who we want to become,” Snowden told WIRED in an interview ahead of his book’s publication tomorrow. “This is what’s denied to the rising generation. They’re so ruthlessly and strictly identified in every network they interact with and by which they live. They’re denied the opportunities we had to be forgotten and to have their mistakes forgiven.”Snowden's memoir revisits his youthful, freewheeling days on the internet. Buy on AmazonPhotograph: MacmillanNo one has exposed more than Snowden how that individualistic, ephemeral, anonymous internet has ceased to exist. Perhaps it was always a myth. (After all, at least one trove of Snowden’s chatroom musings on everything from guns to sex advice, under the pseudonym TheTrueHooha, remained online after his rise to notoriety.)But for the former NSA contractor and many of his generation, that idea of the internet is a foundational myth, enshrined in Neal Stephenson novels and in “The Hacker Manifesto”—both of which Snowden describes reading as a teenager in a mononucleosis haze—and John Perry Barlow’s “Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” which Snowden writes that he holds in his memory next to the preamble to the Constitution. The internet of the ’90s, which Snowden describes as “the most pleasant and successful anarchy I’ve ever seen,” was his community and his education. He even met his future wife on Hotornot.com.Snowden says documenting that prehistoric digital world and its disappearance was part of what drove him to write Permanent Record, overcoming his own aversion to sharing details of his personal life. And in doing so, he may have also helped the world understand him better than ever before. “This is actually more than a memoir from my perspective,” he says. “The way I got through it was by telling, yes the history of myself as a person, but also the history of a time and a change—in technology, in a system, in the internet, and in American democracy.”The IT Guy AscendantThe resulting autobiography is split roughly into thirds: Snowden’s life before joining the world of spies, his whirlwind seven years in the intelligence community, and his experience as a whistle-blower and international fugitive. Against all odds, the first of these, a full hundred pages largely describing the very least unique part of Snowden’s life—a hyper-intelligent but relatively unremarkable high school dropout—is not at all a waste of time.Instead, this portrait of the whistle-blower as a young man provides perhaps the most understandable, human explanation yet for Snowden’s ultimate decision to turn his back on his NSA colleagues, spill the agency’s guts, and condemn himself to exile: It’s the story of an ambitious geek smart enough to shoot up through the NSA’s ranks while keeping intact ideals for the internet that were entirely opposed to those of his employer.SUBSCRIBESubscribe to WIRED and stay smart with more of your favorite national security writers.In Snowden’s telling, it sounds for the first time less like a biography of a Black Swan than the experience of a generation: An extremely online kid of the ’90s who is only drawn to government service after the shattering experience of 9/11. After an attempt to join the special forces—he crashes out after breaking both legs in basic training—he gravitates to the intelligence world, where he discovers that the agency he works for has transformed the internet into the opposite of the playground he idealized. Instead, it’s a fundamental threat to that unobserved, unrecorded anarchy, a threat that someone will need to make an enormous sacrifice to stop.Other than the fateful decision to actually become that someone, Snowden points out that the rest of his story could have belonged to practically any of thousands of geeks with similar experiences. “I am ordinary. The thing I discovered in my own analysis of my past is how undistinguished I was,” Snowden says. “If it hadn’t been me, it would have been someone else. The Edward Snowden moment was inevitable, because you can only roll the dice on conscience for so long until somebody objects.”That decision has arguably led to real changes: The passage of the USA Freedom Act in 2015 significantly limited the collection of phone records that had previously swept up the metadata of every American, perhaps the clearest illustration among Snowden's revelations of the mass surveillance he sought to expose. Congress is now considering whether to end the metadata collection program altogether. But none of that has changed the deep bipartisan resentment of Snowden within the higher ranks of the US government: Democratic representative Adam Schiff has disputed that Snowden can even be called a whistle-blower, while President Trump's secretary of state Michael Pompeo has called for Snowden's execution."We’ve been forced to live naked before power for a generation."Edward SnowdenWhile the larger world has debated Snowden’s role as a hero or a traitor over the six years since he became a household name, many in the cybersecurity community have instead dismissed him as a mere grandstanding IT guy—a systems administrator who never really participated in the surveillance and hacking operations he’d later expose. As it turns out, this is half true. Snowden was, even at the zenith of his ascendant career, the IT guy, responsible for managing what he calls a “dopey poky” Microsoft system for document sharing called SharePoint but also building systems known as EpicShelter and Heartbeat that de-duplicated and shared information more efficiently between NSA offices. Aside from one early incident as a teenager in which he describes finding and reporting a relatively simple vulnerability in a nuclear facility’s website, there’s not much evidence of Snowden’s prowess as a hacker.It turns out, however, that the IT guy, in an institution whose currency is information, is one of the most powerful people in the org chart. Snowden was, in fact, one of the young IT elite, deeply aware of the generational divide that helped put him in that role. In one passage from a period he spent working at a CIA data center, he describes, with conscious immodesty, his daily walk past an array of IT help desk staffers on his way into a more highly classified compartment of secrets inside the building. “I was decades younger than the help desk folks and heading past them into a vault to which they didn’t have access and never would,” he writes.Most PopularSecurityHackers Behind the Change Healthcare Ransomware Attack Just Received a $22 Million PaymentAndy GreenbergBusiness6 Months After New York Banned Airbnb, New Jersey Is Doing GreatAmanda HooverBusinessFor Bitcoin Mines in Texas, the Honeymoon Is OverJoel KhaliliScienceLess Sea Ice Means More Arctic Trees—Which Means TroubleMatt SimonLater, he describes his final position in the NSA’s Hawaii office, based in a massive Cold War–era tunnel under a pineapple field. “I was the only employee of the Office of Information Sharing—I was the Office of Information Sharing. So my very job was to know what sharable information was out there.”In his review of that résumé with WIRED, he laughed off the “just a systems administrator” attacks. “There’s no such thing as just a systems administrator,” Snowden says. “The systems administrator is always the most powerful person on the entire network.”The System Is the AbuseAt one point early in his NSA career, Snowden writes that he was asked to use his deep access to assemble a counterintelligence presentation on Chinese surveillance and internet control—one of the first moments when he began to wonder how exactly the equivalent US systems of internet surveillance might compare. But for the most part, his core role as an IT shaman and data distribution expert seems to have left him removed enough from the day-to-day surveillance mission to maintain the principled stand of an outside observer—maximum access to information about the NSA’s surveillance with a minimum of the complicity that keeps others silent.More than in other descriptions of his revelations, Permanent Record makes clearer than ever that Snowden’s central concern, and what drove him to his life-altering decision to digitally disembowel his employer, is not any specific surveillance abuse. (Though he does note plenty of instances of “LoveInt” in the agency, in which staff spied on romantic interests and ex-partners.)Instead, he writes that it’s the building of a potential panopticon—what he has called turnkey tyranny—with every tool in place to record everything about everyone, to turn any individual’s secret life against them at the whim of the powerful, that he sought to expose and devote his life to fighting. “The construction of the system was itself the abuse,” he says. “We’ve been forced to live naked before power for a generation.”Specific examples of human rights abuses, like the growing use of surveillance tools by agencies like Customs and Border Protection and Immigration and Customs Enforcement to enforce the Trump administration’s cruel vision of immigration policy, he argues, are just a symptom of that larger systemic change. “Donald Trump isn’t the problem. He’s the product of the problem,” Snowden says.Snowden’s nostalgia for a less-policed, anonymous, and anarchic internet, of course, doesn’t seem to account for the troll armies and alt-right “free speech” brigades widely seen as the real online force behind Trump’s rise. But on that point, Snowden remains a kind of First Amendment absolutist. “That’s the price of admission to a free society,” he says. “The best response to the worst person is not to fear them but to correct them, not to silence them but to challenge them, to make them better than they were.”Exiled Body, Online BrainAside from Snowden’s origin story and motives, the last act of Permanent Record documents in more detail than ever before the process of Snowden’s leaks, from “wardriving” around Hawaii with his laptop to break into vulnerable Wi-Fi networks as a means to cover his digital tracks to his escape across the globe from Hawaii to Hong Kong to Moscow, including fresh details about the underreported role of WikiLeaks’ Sarah Harrison as his protector and guide. That story climaxes in a tense meeting between Snowden and an officer of the FSB in the Moscow airport. The official does his best, briefly, to turn Snowden into a Russian intelligence asset. Snowden writes that he interrupted to decline before the pitch was even finished, the better to avoid any unscrupulous editing of hidden recordings of the meeting.Snowden flatly denies that he has had any other interactions with Russian intelligence since. After all, he never brought a single NSA document to Russia. “All I have is what’s in my head, and I wasn’t willing to give that to them,” he says. He speculates that the Kremlin is satisfied enough with his involuntary role as a living embarrassment to the United States, an American human rights defender forced to seek asylum in Putin’s Russia rather than the other way around.Most PopularSecurityHackers Behind the Change Healthcare Ransomware Attack Just Received a $22 Million PaymentAndy GreenbergBusiness6 Months After New York Banned Airbnb, New Jersey Is Doing GreatAmanda HooverBusinessFor Bitcoin Mines in Texas, the Honeymoon Is OverJoel KhaliliScienceLess Sea Ice Means More Arctic Trees—Which Means TroubleMatt SimonAs for his endgame, Snowden says he has none—that he hasn’t, in fact, had much of a plan for his long-term survival since he left Hawaii. He has said repeatedly that he’s ready to return to the US to stand trial if he’s allowed to mount a defense based on the motivations for his whistle-blowing—which means he isn’t ready to return to the US anytime soon: Snowden faces charges under the Espionage Act, which treats leaks of classified information to a journalist as no different from selling secrets to a foreign government. Trump’s friendliness with Putin, meanwhile, has raised questions about whether he might at some point be handed back to the US as a diplomatic gift, a possibility that Snowden says he puts out of his mind as an uncontrollable element of his fate.If he has to spend the rest of his life in Russia, on the other hand, so be it, he says. He rents an apartment with his wife, Lindsay, whom he married in Moscow. He can find most of the same American fast food in Moscow that he loved in Hawaii and Maryland. He continues to act as president of the Freedom of the Press Foundation, beaming into his colleagues' computer screens like Max Headroom—and occasionally into a mobile telepresence robot—to lead a team of programmers and engineers focused on building tools designed to improving journalists' digital security.Regardless of where he might live, above all else he remains a creature of the online world, an "indoor cat," as he calls himself. “My life has always been mediated by a screen. What difference does it make whether I’m looking at a screen in New York or Berlin or Moscow?” Snowden says. “It’s all the same internet.”More Great WIRED StoriesThe biggest iPhone news is a tiny new chip inside itIf computers are so smart, how come they can’t read?xkcd's Randall Munroe on how to mail a package (from space)Why “zero day” Android hacking now costs more than iOS attacksThis DIY implant lets you stream movies from inside your leg How do machines learn? Plus, read the latest news on artificial intelligence♀️ Want the best tools to get healthy? Check out our Gear team’s picks for the best fitness trackers, running gear (including shoes and socks), and best headphones.When you buy something using the retail links in our stories, we may earn a small affiliate commission. Read more about how this works.Andy Greenberg is a senior writer for WIRED, covering hacking, cybersecurity and surveillance. He’s the author of the new book Tracers in the Dark: The Global Hunt for the Crime Lords of Cryptocurrency. His last book was Sandworm: A New Era of Cyberwar and the Hunt for the Kremlin's Most... 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Putin grants Russian citizenship to Edward Snowden : NPR
Putin grants Russian citizenship to Edward Snowden : NPR
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Putin grants Russian citizenship to Edward Snowden Snowden, a former contractor with the National Security Agency, has been living in Russia since 2013 to escape prosecution for leaking classified documents about government surveillance programs.
World
Putin grants Russian citizenship to Edward Snowden
Updated September 26, 20221:10 PM ET
Originally published September 26, 202212:40 PM ET
By
Charles Maynes
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In this image made from video and released by WikiLeaks, former National Security Agency systems analyst Edward Snowden speaks in Moscow in 2013.
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In this image made from video and released by WikiLeaks, former National Security Agency systems analyst Edward Snowden speaks in Moscow in 2013.
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MOSCOW — Former National Security Agency contractor-turned-whistleblower Edward Snowden has been granted Russian citizenship. The news was confirmed in a decree by Russian President Vladimir Putin posted Monday to the Kremlin's website.
World
Edward Snowden Says He's Applying For Russian Citizenship
Snowden first arrived in Russia in 2013 after leaking secret files that revealed a vast web of domestic and international surveillance by the U.S. government. The Kremlin subsequently granted him asylum, even as the U.S. pursued espionage charges. In 2020, Snowden announced he and his wife had applied for Russian citizenship as they were expecting their first child during the pandemic. The whistleblower has maintained — and defended — his silence over the Kremlin's recent actions in Ukraine, saying his views were no longer "useful" after he wrongly insisted U.S. intelligence was flawed in predicting a Russian attack on its neighbor.
National Security
Court Rules Edward Snowden Must Pay More Than $5 Million From Memoir And Speeches
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Vladimir Putin grants former NSA contractor Edward Snowden Russian citizenship | CNN
>Vladimir Putin grants former NSA contractor Edward Snowden Russian citizenship | CNN
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Vladimir Putin grants former NSA contractor Edward Snowden Russian citizenship
By Rob Picheta, Uliana Pavlova and Chris Liakos CNN
2 minute read
Updated
10:05 PM EDT, Mon September 26, 2022
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Snowden applied for Russian citizenship in 2020.
Phillip Faraone/Getty Images for WIRED25
CNN
—
Russian President Vladimir Putin has granted former NSA contractor Edward Snowden Russian citizenship, according to an official decree published on the Russian government portal Monday.
Snowden is accused of espionage and theft of government property in the US for leaking troves of information on American intelligence and mass surveillance programs to the media.
The 39-year-old has been living in exile in Moscow after initially traveling to Hong Kong following his 2013 public disclosure of the classified information. He is facing up to 30 years in prison in the US.
In November 2020 Snowden and his wife, Lindsay Mills, applied for Russian citizenship. He had been already given permanent residency in Russia.
Putin’s decision to grant Snowden citizenship comes just days after the Russian President threatened to escalate his war in Ukraine, announcing the “partial mobilization” of citizens.
In 2016, the US Congress released a report saying Snowden had been in contact with Russian intelligence officials since arriving in Russia. Snowden immediately disputed the accusations, writing on Twitter “they claim without evidence that I’m in cahoots with the Russians.”
In a tweet on Monday, Snowden wrote: “After years of separation from our parents, my wife and I have no desire to be separated from our SONS. After two years of waiting and nearly ten years of exile, a little stability will make a difference for my family. I pray for privacy for them – and for us all.”
Snowden would not be subject to the “partial mobilization” announced by Putin since he did not serve in the Russian army, according to his lawyer Anatoly Kucherena, as quoted by Russian state media RIA Novosti on Monday.
“Now the spouse will receive citizenship after he has received it. Now the spouse will apply,” Kucherena told RIA Novosti referring to Snowden’s wife, Mills.
According to the lawyer, Snowden has a child who was born in the Russian Federation and received Russian citizenship at birth.
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A decade on, Edward Snowden remains in Russia, though U.S. laws have changed | WUSF
A decade on, Edward Snowden remains in Russia, though U.S. laws have changed | WUSF
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A decade on, Edward Snowden remains in Russia, though U.S. laws have changed
By
Greg Myre
Published June 4, 2023 at 7:48 AM EDT
Listen • 4:55
Armando Franca
/
APFrom Moscow, former U.S. National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden addresses a technology conference in Portugal in 2019. Snowden fled the U.S. in 2013 and revealed highly classified U.S. surveillance programs. He's been living in Russia for the past decade, and received Russian citizenship last year.
Edward Snowden's family traces its role in national security to relatives who fought in the Revolutionary War. Snowden assumed he'd be engaged in similar work as well.
But as a contractor for the National Security Agency, working at an underground facility in Hawaii in 2013, he witnessed the mass collection of electronic data on American citizens, and he thought it was wrong.
"We had stopped watching specific terrorists, and we had started watching everyone just in case they became a terrorist. And this was not something that affected just people far away in places like Indonesia. This is affecting Americans," Snowden said in a 2019 interview with NPR from Moscow, where's he's been living for the past 10 years.
A decade ago, many Americans were still exploring the technological wonders of cellphones and other electronic devices. Few were thinking about how governments or private companies could monitor citizens on the devices.
Then came Snowden's revelations.
Snowden copied files of the NSA's top-secret surveillance programs and fled the U.S., sharing the highly classified information with several Western journalists, including Barton Gellman, formerly of The Washington Post.
"I think Snowden did substantially more good than harm, even though I am prepared to accept (as he does not) that his disclosures must have exacted a price in lost intelligence," Gellman wrote in his 2020 book, Dark Mirror: Edward Snowden and the American Surveillance State.
Gellman portrays Snowden as a loner filled with zeal and a black-and-white worldview. He describes Snowden as precise and accurate most of the time, though sometimes prone to self-aggrandizement and exaggeration.
U.S. officials still describe Snowden as a 'traitor'
Meanwhile, many in the national security community, then and now, regard Snowden as a traitor. Most all say he should return to the U.S. and face the criminal charges against him.
"He's clearly an individual who betrayed the trust and confidence we had in him. This is not an individual who is acting, in my opinion, with noble intent," said Keith Alexander, the NSA director when Snowden leaked the files.
"What Snowden has revealed has caused irreversible and significant damage to our country and to our allies," Alexander told ABC shortly after the breach.
When Snowden felt he was about to be detained in Hong Kong, he flew to Russia. His final destination was Ecuador, but the U.S. government canceled his passport and charged him with violating the Espionage Act.
Those charges still stand, and Snowden's been in Russia ever since. He received citizenship there last year.
Still, Snowden provoked a fierce debate over government surveillance, personal privacy and the power and perils of technology.
New laws, and a move to encryption
"In the years that have passed, we have seen the laws changed. We have seen the programs change," Snowden said.
In 2015, Congress rewrote the law that allowed the NSA to scoop up everyone's records. The U.S.A. Freedom Act now prohibits the bulk collection of phone records by American citizens.
"The act also includes other changes to our surveillance laws, including more transparency to help build confidence among the American people that your privacy and civil liberties are being protected," President Barack Obama said shortly before signing the USA Freedom Act.
There's been another big shift as well. Many Americans now better understand how governments and private companies like Facebook, Amazon and Google collect personal data. This in turn has led to a much wider use of encryption. Snowden says 2016 marked the first year that a majority of Internet traffic was encrypted, a trend that continues.
There's no sign Snowden's case will be resolved anytime soon.
Snowden said when he landed in Moscow in 2013, he expected to have a one-day layover in Moscow.
But in his 2019 autobiography, Permanent Record, Snowden wrote: "Exile is an endless layover."
Snowden's critics often attack him for living in Russia, all the more so in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. He says his attempts to move to other countries have been thwarted by the U.S. government.
"It is not my choice to be in Russia. I'm constantly criticizing the Russian government's policy, the Russian government's human rights record - even the Russian president by name," Snowden said.
From his Moscow apartment, Snowden initially gave online interviews to news outlets around the world. He's been much less visible in recent years. He's now married to American Lindsay Mills, and they have two young sons born in Russia.
Greg Myre is an NPR national security correspondent. Follow him @gregmyre1.
More moments in history
Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.
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Greg Myre
Greg Myre is a national security correspondent with a focus on the intelligence community, a position that follows his many years as a foreign correspondent covering conflicts around the globe.
See stories by Greg Myre
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